Public research record
Casey Reas: Sources and chronology
A public research record bringing together accession facts, object and presentation sources, chronology, interpretive boundaries, and the collection's known limits.
Published from the Museum's public research record. Read the complete research manuscript

Research record
Selected sections on the principal facts, chronology, and known conflicts behind the Casey Reas accession record. Original numbering is retained.
2. Canonical accession facts
| Field | Canonical fact | Source |
|---|---|---|
| FieldAccession lot | Canonical fact6529NM. | Sourceaccession statement |
| FieldArtist display name | Canonical factCasey REAS in accession records; Casey Reas is acceptable in normal prose | Sourceaccession certificate; artist information archive |
| FieldAcquisition method | Canonical factFull gift; no consideration | Sourcegift authorization; accession certificate |
| FieldPublic donor credit | Canonical factGift of punk6529 | Sourcegift authorization; object 01 through object 07 |
| FieldGift acceptance effective | Canonical fact2026-08-01T22:55:00Z | Sourcegift authorization |
| FieldAccession effective | Canonical fact2026-08-02 | Sourceaccession certificate |
| FieldNumber of objects | Canonical factSeven | Sourceaccession certificate |
| FieldMuseum custody reference | Canonical factnetworkmuseum. | Sourceaccession statement |
| FieldCustody address | Canonical fact0xbECfa2bA | Sourceaccession statement; custody diligence |
| FieldDelivery transaction | Canonical fact0xbdde33b3 | Sourceraw receipt; receipt acquisition record |
| FieldDelivery block | Canonical fact25660311 | Sourceraw receipt; receipt acquisition record |
| FieldDelivery time | Canonical fact2026-08-01T13:25:47Z | Sourceaccession statement |
| FieldTitle outcome | Canonical factMuseum owns the seven tokens and donor's full transferable interest; no retained donor interest | Sourcetitle and rights review; accession certificate |
| FieldCopyright | Canonical factNot transferred by token ownership | Sourcetitle and rights review; accession certificate |
| FieldLicense basis | Canonical factRetained Art Blocks metadata states CC BY-NC 4.0 | Sourcerights 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, and 07 |
| FieldApproved Museum uses | Canonical factNoncommercial exhibition, documentation, publication, print, adaptation, preservation, migration/emulation, accessibility, and internal noncommercial computational research, subject to license conditions | Sourcetitle and rights review |
| FieldCommercial use | Canonical factNot approved | Sourcetitle and rights review |
| FieldTechnical condition | Canonical factPass with conditions; no red accession blocker | Sourcecondition 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, and 07 |
| FieldDisplay state | Canonical factReady with conditions through tested official generator routes, disclosure, monitoring, attribution, and labelled fallback surrogate | Sourceaccession certificate; technical review |
| FieldPreservation state | Canonical factActive stewardship; self-contained generator/dependency capture and broader render testing remain | Sourceaccession statement; visual-observation record |
| FieldGovernance basis | Canonical factAdopted Art Blocks donation preapproval plus Donation Acceptance Policy, applied through Museum-authorized collection decision | Sourcegift authorization |
| FieldRarity policy | Canonical factNo OpenSea or marketplace rarity metric; transparent descriptors are distribution analysis only | Sourceaccession statement |
6. Chronology of life, practice, tools, and institutions
Dates are grouped by what the source can support. “Begun,” “released,” “exhibited,” and “revisited” are not synonyms.
| Date | Event / body of work | Publication use | Principal sources / notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Date1972 | Event / body of workBorn in Troy, Ohio | Publication useBiography | Principal sources / notesartist information archive; UCLA faculty profile |
| Date1996 | Event / body of workBS, University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning | Publication useFormation | Principal sources / notesartist information archive; UCLA faculty profile |
| Date1999 | Event / body of workBegins learning to code to make drawings not possible by hand | Publication useFormation; drawing-to-system transition | Principal sources / notesLACMA interview, 13 November 2024; paraphrase rather than quote unless checked against the recording |
| Date2001 | Event / body of workMS in Media Arts and Sciences, MIT; initiates Processing with Ben Fry; early Path works exhibited | Publication useFormation, Processing, MicroImage | Principal sources / notesUCLA faculty profile; Processing overview; MicroImage history |
| Date2001-2003 | Event / body of workTeaches at Interaction Design Institute Ivrea | Publication useFormation and pedagogy | Principal sources / notesartist information archive |
| Date2002-2005 | Event / body of workTissue and MicroImage developed across print, software, interaction, and animation | Publication useMicroImage phase | Principal sources / notesMicroImage history; artist archive |
| Date2003 | Event / body of workJoins UCLA Design Media Arts; early code later called Pre-Process developed | Publication useBiography; Process archaeology | Principal sources / notesUCLA faculty profile; Process history; Art Blocks Pre-Process interview |
| Date2004 | Event / body of workWhitney artport commissions {Software} Structures; Process method coheres | Publication useMajor turning point: instruction, code, interpretation | Principal sources / notesWhitney artport archive; Whitney Programmed record; Process history |
| Date2004-2014 | Event / body of workProcess series develops through software, prints, installations, and text | Publication useFirst mature decade | Principal sources / notesProcess history; Meredith Hoy, ISEA 2011; full ISEA paper |
| Date2005 | Event / body of workPartial Pre-Process material appears in Process/Drawing at bitforms but remains unresolved/not offered | Publication usePre-Process history | Principal sources / notesProcess history; Art Blocks Pre-Process interview |
| Date2006 | Event / body of workReas and Fry publish “Processing: Programming for the Media Arts” in AI & Society | Publication useProcessing as literacy and studio infrastructure | Principal sources / notesDOI 10.1007/s00146-006-0050-9 |
| Date2007 | Event / body of workProcessing: A Programming Handbook for Visual Designers and Artists published by MIT Press | Publication usePedagogy and creative-coding field | Principal sources / notesMIT Press; artist books page |
| Date2009 | Event / body of workRhizome interview with Reas and Fry; a mature Processing ecosystem is discussed | Publication useReception and tool history | Principal sources / notesRhizome interview |
| Date2010 | Event / body of workProcess Compendium 2004-2010 exhibition and book | Publication useProcess synthesis; text/image relation | Principal sources / notesProcess history; artist books page |
| Date2012 | Event / body of workProcessing Foundation established; bodies later grouped as CENTURY, Atomism, and Ultraconcentrated begin or take defining form | Publication useExpanded practice and institutional work | Principal sources / notesProcessing overview; CENTURY; Atomism; Ultraconcentrated |
| Date2013 | Event / body of workULTRACONCENTRATED at bitforms; source-image and broadcast-media processing becomes prominent | Publication useBreak from endogenous systems to executable collage | Principal sources / notesbitforms exhibition record; artist project history |
| Date2014 | Event / body of workA Mathematical Theory of Communication commissioned/installed at UT Austin; Path software versions revisit 2001 code | Publication useAtomism/public art; migration | Principal sources / notesLandmarks object record; Christiane Paul audio guide; MicroImage history |
| Date2015-2016 | Event / body of workStill Life software developed; debut in There's No Distance at bitforms in 2016 | Publication useAtomism / Still Life | Principal sources / notesAtomism; bitforms exhibition record; Khan review |
| Date2016 | Event / body of workNora N. Khan reviews There's No Distance, describing visual force and criticizing the sound as poorly integrated; early Still Life reception | Publication useCritical pressure, not hagiography | Principal sources / notesVillage Voice, 13 October 2016 |
| Date2018-2023 | Event / body of workCompressed Cinema develops through five still and five audiovisual bodies; early DCGAN and later Progressive Growing of GANs mark different technical textures | Publication useImage, cinema, ML phase | Principal sources / notesartist project history; Diego Gómez-Venegas, laFuga 25 (2021); Holly Willis, Frames Cinema Journal 19 (2022) |
| Date2018 | Event / body of workWhitney presents {Software} Structures in Programmed: Rules, Codes, and Choreographies in Art, 1965-2018 | Publication useInstitutional historicization | Principal sources / notesWhitney Programmed record |
| Date2019 | Event / body of worka2p artist-to-artist exchange precedes Feral File; artist NFT activity begins | Publication useNetworked exchange and ownership | Principal sources / notesFeral File history; artist NFT register |
| Date2020 | Event / body of workFeral File co-founded by Reas and Sean Moss-Pultz / Bitmark context; platform develops from a2p | Publication useInstitution-building and exhibition ecology | Principal sources / notesFeral File history; J. J. Charlesworth, ArtReview, 30 August 2023 |
| Date2021 | Event / body of workArt Blocks releases CENTURY and Phototaxis | Publication useLong-form generative and on-chain phase | Principal sources / notesCENTURY interview; Phototaxis technical note; retained token metadata CENTURY #31 and Phototaxis #308 |
| Date2022 | Event / body of workPre-Process completed and released as every significant 8 × 3 × 5 permutation: 120 works | Publication useProcess archaeology and return | Principal sources / notesProcess history; Art Blocks interview |
| Date2023 | Event / body of workLACMA commissions/presents METAVASARELY and An Empty Room; Art Blocks and Bright Moments present 923 EMPTY ROOMS in Tokyo, Berlin, London, New York, Mexico City, and Los Angeles; bitforms presents It Doesn't Exist (In Any Other Form) | Publication useDistributed exhibition, Atomism/Still Life synthesis | Principal sources / notesLACMA; Bright Moments; bitforms; Atomism |
| Date2024 | Event / body of workLACMA Digital Witness presents Reas; curators publish “Digital art is a kind of performance” interview | Publication useMature self-account of performance, image, and preservation | Principal sources / notesLACMA Unframed, 13 November 2024 |
| Date2024-2025 | Event / body of workThe current artist site indicates further CENTURY, Atomism, and machine-learning development | Publication useContext for later developments in Reas’s practice; exact object titles and dates remain outside this chronology’s verified scope | Principal sources / notesartist current site; CENTURY; Atomism; In Silico |
| Date2025 | Event / body of workDAM Projects presents Purely Platonic; the artist documents In Silico; Toledo Museum of Art publishes Infinite Images: Casey Reas | Publication useRecent work and renewed physical drawing | Principal sources / notesDAM Projects; In Silico; Toledo Museum of Art |
| Date2026 | Event / body of workArt Blocks and Feral File present Ex Nihilo (Cosmos); the platform record describes 256 outputs, with 255 distributed through ranked auction | Publication useLatest Still Life / on-chain work | Principal sources / notesArt Blocks release; Atomism |
| Date2026-08-01 | Event / body of workSeven works delivered to Museum custody and full gift formally accepted | Publication useGift narrative | Principal sources / notesraw receipt; gift authorization |
| Date2026-08-02 | Event / body of workSeven works accessioned as 6529NM. | Publication useGift narrative and collection essay | Principal sources / notesaccession certificate |
9. Conflicts, naming problems, and distinctions to preserve
9.1 Phototaxis date
Art Blocks and the 2021 artist technical note support a 2021 release. The current artist NFT register lists 2022. Use “developed/released for Art Blocks in 2021” where discussing documented activity, and note the current artist-register discrepancy. Do not silently normalize all dates to 2022.
9.2 923 versus 924
The retained project population contains 924 invocations numbered 0-923. Invocation 0 is separately coded 999999; invocations 1-923 form the documented combinatorial sequence. The project title and artistic combinatorics refer to 923 rooms; the release population is 924. State both at the appropriate level. Do not invent an artistic theory for invocation 0.
9.7 Artist name typography
Machine records use Casey REAS. The artist's current site often uses REAS. Normal editorial prose may use Casey Reas. Preserve exact capitalization in formal record quotations and titles.
9.9 Token, artwork, image, code
- The token records chain identity, edition, and transfer history; title, copyright, accession, and interpretation are recorded separately.
- The script and token hash are constitutive inputs for these Art Blocks works.
- The generator executes the work in a browser/runtime environment.
- The static PNG is a project-authorized or platform-generated documentation state, not the whole live work.
- A Museum screenshot or video is documentation unless an artist-approved manifestation says otherwise.
Open the complete source and chronology recordOpen every published matrix, qualification, conflict note, and research amendment.
2. Canonical accession facts
| Field | Canonical fact | Source |
|---|---|---|
| FieldAccession lot | Canonical fact6529NM. | Sourceaccession statement |
| FieldArtist display name | Canonical factCasey REAS in accession records; Casey Reas is acceptable in normal prose | Sourceaccession certificate; artist information archive |
| FieldAcquisition method | Canonical factFull gift; no consideration | Sourcegift authorization; accession certificate |
| FieldPublic donor credit | Canonical factGift of punk6529 | Sourcegift authorization; object 01 through object 07 |
| FieldGift acceptance effective | Canonical fact2026-08-01T22:55:00Z | Sourcegift authorization |
| FieldAccession effective | Canonical fact2026-08-02 | Sourceaccession certificate |
| FieldNumber of objects | Canonical factSeven | Sourceaccession certificate |
| FieldMuseum custody reference | Canonical factnetworkmuseum. | Sourceaccession statement |
| FieldCustody address | Canonical fact0xbECfa2bA | Sourceaccession statement; custody diligence |
| FieldDelivery transaction | Canonical fact0xbdde33b3 | Sourceraw receipt; receipt acquisition record |
| FieldDelivery block | Canonical fact25660311 | Sourceraw receipt; receipt acquisition record |
| FieldDelivery time | Canonical fact2026-08-01T13:25:47Z | Sourceaccession statement |
| FieldTitle outcome | Canonical factMuseum owns the seven tokens and donor's full transferable interest; no retained donor interest | Sourcetitle and rights review; accession certificate |
| FieldCopyright | Canonical factNot transferred by token ownership | Sourcetitle and rights review; accession certificate |
| FieldLicense basis | Canonical factRetained Art Blocks metadata states CC BY-NC 4.0 | Sourcerights 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, and 07 |
| FieldApproved Museum uses | Canonical factNoncommercial exhibition, documentation, publication, print, adaptation, preservation, migration/emulation, accessibility, and internal noncommercial computational research, subject to license conditions | Sourcetitle and rights review |
| FieldCommercial use | Canonical factNot approved | Sourcetitle and rights review |
| FieldTechnical condition | Canonical factPass with conditions; no red accession blocker | Sourcecondition 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, and 07 |
| FieldDisplay state | Canonical factReady with conditions through tested official generator routes, disclosure, monitoring, attribution, and labelled fallback surrogate | Sourceaccession certificate; technical review |
| FieldPreservation state | Canonical factActive stewardship; self-contained generator/dependency capture and broader render testing remain | Sourceaccession statement; visual-observation record |
| FieldGovernance basis | Canonical factAdopted Art Blocks donation preapproval plus Donation Acceptance Policy, applied through Museum-authorized collection decision | Sourcegift authorization |
| FieldRarity policy | Canonical factNo OpenSea or marketplace rarity metric; transparent descriptors are distribution analysis only | Sourceaccession statement |
Publication-safe summary
Punk6529 gave the 6529 Network Museum seven already-minted Art Blocks works by Casey Reas. The Museum accepted the full gift on 1 August 2026 and accessioned the seven works into the permanent collection on 2 August 2026. The Museum owns the tokens and the donor's transferable interest in them; copyright remains separate. The retained metadata identifies CC BY-NC 4.0, and the accession carries active software-preservation obligations.
Claims not supported by the record
- that Casey Reas selected or endorsed the seven-work group;
- that the donor described a personal selection thesis or motive beyond making the full gift;
- that the three CENTURY works form an artist-designated triptych or suite;
- that the group is a retrospective, complete survey, or canonical selection;
- that token title includes copyright;
- that accession completed autonomous preservation;
- that any work was donated because of rarity, market value, or investment potential;
- that a static Art Blocks image is the complete artwork.
3. Exact seven-object schedule
| Museum object | Work | Native chain identity | Project / edition | Recorded mint observation | Selected source facts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Museum object6529NM. | WorkCENTURY #31 | Native chain identityeip155: | Project / editionArt Blocks Curated project 100; 1,000 works | Recorded mint observation2021-06-25T19:00:08Z | Selected source factsPalette A; line count 17; slice count 16; Oculi true (metadata) |
Museum object6529NM. | WorkCENTURY #724 | Native chain identityeip155: | Project / editionArt Blocks Curated project 100; 1,000 works | Recorded mint observation2021-06-25T19:04:52Z | Selected source factsPalette B; line count 11; slice count 7; Oculi true; Janky true (metadata) |
Museum object6529NM. | WorkCENTURY #401 | Native chain identityeip155: | Project / editionArt Blocks Curated project 100; 1,000 works | Recorded mint observation2021-06-25T19:02:56Z | Selected source factsPalette C; line count 15; slice count 10; Alpha true; alpha value 209 (metadata) |
Museum object6529NM. | WorkPre-Process #63 | Native chain identityeip155: | Project / editionArt Blocks Curated project 383; 120 works | Recorded mint observation2022-11-30T18:25:23Z | Selected source factsAspect ratio 1.78; Growth 4; Origin 1; Surface 8 (metadata) |
Museum object6529NM. | WorkPhototaxis #308 | Native chain identityeip155: | Project / editionArt Blocks Playground project 164; 1,000 works | Recorded mint observation2021-09-21T19:52:20Z | Selected source factsBase size; Lively speed; 3 lights; Nonlinear sensors; Population Assemblage (metadata) |
Museum object6529NM. | Work923 EMPTY ROOMS #713 | Native chain identityeip155: | Project / editionArt Blocks x Bright Moments project 1; 924 release entries | Recorded mint observation2023-08-18T16:57:59Z | Selected source factsInvocation 713; City CDMX; Code 555536; 4 Pyramids, 1 Cargo, 1 Moon; gray background (metadata) |
Museum object6529NM. | WorkEx Nihilo (Cosmos) #248 | Native chain identityeip155: | Project / editionArt Blocks Studio project 0; 256 works; invocation 248 | Recorded mint observation2026-03-11T16:41:35Z | Selected source factsRGB false; CHUNK 3; # COSMOS 3; FFFFFF true (metadata) |
The mint timestamps and feature fields are retained platform observations. Chain identity and accession are separately verified. Feature labels are descriptive inputs, not ready-made interpretations.
4. Exact official presentation resources
| Object | Official static output | Official generator |
|---|---|---|
| ObjectCENTURY #31 | Official static outputhttps: | Official generatorhttps: |
| ObjectCENTURY #724 | Official static outputhttps: | Official generatorhttps: |
| ObjectCENTURY #401 | Official static outputhttps: | Official generatorhttps: |
| ObjectPre-Process #63 | Official static outputhttps: | Official generatorhttps: |
| ObjectPhototaxis #308 | Official static outputhttps: | Official generatorhttps: |
| Object923 EMPTY ROOMS #713 | Official static outputhttps: | Official generatorhttps: |
| ObjectEx Nihilo (Cosmos) #248 | Official static outputhttps: | Official generatorhttps: |
Use the static outputs for close-looking and public fallback only with the appropriate attribution and surrogate label. Use the generator to study behavior and interaction. Do not infer a complete live state from one still.
Retention boundary
The initial official static PNG responses and two full-viewport screenshots for each object were referenced and hash-recorded as time-specific documentation surrogates. Their bytes were not retained in the initial public package. The visual-observation record leaves a new, attributed preservation recapture open; that future capture must be retained as a separately dated object and must not be represented as the original observation bytes. A platform thumbnail is a platform-authorized documentation state. It is never a Museum-declared canonical state unless a controlling artist, contract, or accession record explicitly gives it that status. For Phototaxis, the precise supported term is the official 1,000-iteration thumbnail state.
5. Shared 2026-08-02 close-looking baseline
These observations were made from the exact official token stills at original resolution. They are a common baseline, not language to copy unchanged into every essay.
| Object | Formal baseline | Questions for the object writer |
|---|---|---|
| ObjectCENTURY #31 | Formal baselineCircular field dominated by slate, saturated blue, and cream. Dense vertical slices interrupt diagonal cream and pale-salmon lines. Large curved cream forms are partly buried by the slicing structure. | Questions for the object writerHow do the near-central splices change scale and continuity? Does the tondo-like boundary stabilize or intensify the fractured interior? What changes after interactive recomposition? |
| ObjectCENTURY #724 | Formal baselineBroad cream field with rust-red arcs and upper bands. Sparse charcoal and salmon diagonals cross large negative areas; a dark lower-right crescent and isolated lower verticals hold the open field. | Questions for the object writerHow does openness alter the project's characteristic density? Does the work feel suspended, cut apart, or unfinished in a productive sense? How does Janky manifest without using the label as explanation? |
| ObjectCENTURY #401 | Formal baselineGray field, black vertical columns, white diagonals, and translucent circular or arc forms. Slices read as both surface interruption and shallow architectural depth. | Questions for the object writerHow do opacity and grayscale change the relation between slicing and motion? Which planes appear in front, and why does depth remain unstable? |
| ObjectPre-Process #63 | Formal baselinePanoramic black-and-white composition in three horizontal registers. Dark circular masses attach to axial bands while repeated translucent arcs record movement, collision, and accumulation. | Questions for the object writerHow does the 1.78 ratio make this different from a square field? How do the repeated axes discipline the apparent turbulence? What does the official static output disclose, and what changes during execution? |
| ObjectPhototaxis #308 | Formal baselinePale cyan and gray trajectories produce an outer elliptical circulation around a dense lower-central knot, with a second convergence above and long escaping paths. | Questions for the object writerHow does the official 1,000-iteration thumbnail state convert duration into density, curvature, and reach? How do three light positions organize the image without being visible? What changes as execution continues? |
| Object923 EMPTY ROOMS #713 | Formal baselineAcid-green diagonal raster crosses a charcoal field but breaks around voids that imply a cornered room. A luminous right seam and bright lower ledge produce simultaneous recession and optical vibration. | Questions for the object writerWhich elements correspond to the exact 555536 colorform sequence? How does the room emerge from absence rather than outline? What does the diagram toggle reveal? |
| ObjectEx Nihilo (Cosmos) #248 | Formal baselineSegmented white traces cross black in unstable polygonal and dodecahedral suggestions. Interruption and scale change create layered depth without a settled solid. | Questions for the object writerHow does a continuous non-repeating display change the meaning of this still? How do channel, speed, pause, and regeneration controls affect the encounter? How should the documented R/B control discrepancy be presented? |
6. Chronology of life, practice, tools, and institutions
Dates are grouped by what the source can support. “Begun,” “released,” “exhibited,” and “revisited” are not synonyms.
| Date | Event / body of work | Publication use | Principal sources / notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Date1972 | Event / body of workBorn in Troy, Ohio | Publication useBiography | Principal sources / notesartist information archive; UCLA faculty profile |
| Date1996 | Event / body of workBS, University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning | Publication useFormation | Principal sources / notesartist information archive; UCLA faculty profile |
| Date1999 | Event / body of workBegins learning to code to make drawings not possible by hand | Publication useFormation; drawing-to-system transition | Principal sources / notesLACMA interview, 13 November 2024; paraphrase rather than quote unless checked against the recording |
| Date2001 | Event / body of workMS in Media Arts and Sciences, MIT; initiates Processing with Ben Fry; early Path works exhibited | Publication useFormation, Processing, MicroImage | Principal sources / notesUCLA faculty profile; Processing overview; MicroImage history |
| Date2001-2003 | Event / body of workTeaches at Interaction Design Institute Ivrea | Publication useFormation and pedagogy | Principal sources / notesartist information archive |
| Date2002-2005 | Event / body of workTissue and MicroImage developed across print, software, interaction, and animation | Publication useMicroImage phase | Principal sources / notesMicroImage history; artist archive |
| Date2003 | Event / body of workJoins UCLA Design Media Arts; early code later called Pre-Process developed | Publication useBiography; Process archaeology | Principal sources / notesUCLA faculty profile; Process history; Art Blocks Pre-Process interview |
| Date2004 | Event / body of workWhitney artport commissions {Software} Structures; Process method coheres | Publication useMajor turning point: instruction, code, interpretation | Principal sources / notesWhitney artport archive; Whitney Programmed record; Process history |
| Date2004-2014 | Event / body of workProcess series develops through software, prints, installations, and text | Publication useFirst mature decade | Principal sources / notesProcess history; Meredith Hoy, ISEA 2011; full ISEA paper |
| Date2005 | Event / body of workPartial Pre-Process material appears in Process/Drawing at bitforms but remains unresolved/not offered | Publication usePre-Process history | Principal sources / notesProcess history; Art Blocks Pre-Process interview |
| Date2006 | Event / body of workReas and Fry publish “Processing: Programming for the Media Arts” in AI & Society | Publication useProcessing as literacy and studio infrastructure | Principal sources / notesDOI 10.1007/s00146-006-0050-9 |
| Date2007 | Event / body of workProcessing: A Programming Handbook for Visual Designers and Artists published by MIT Press | Publication usePedagogy and creative-coding field | Principal sources / notesMIT Press; artist books page |
| Date2009 | Event / body of workRhizome interview with Reas and Fry; a mature Processing ecosystem is discussed | Publication useReception and tool history | Principal sources / notesRhizome interview |
| Date2010 | Event / body of workProcess Compendium 2004-2010 exhibition and book | Publication useProcess synthesis; text/image relation | Principal sources / notesProcess history; artist books page |
| Date2012 | Event / body of workProcessing Foundation established; bodies later grouped as CENTURY, Atomism, and Ultraconcentrated begin or take defining form | Publication useExpanded practice and institutional work | Principal sources / notesProcessing overview; CENTURY; Atomism; Ultraconcentrated |
| Date2013 | Event / body of workULTRACONCENTRATED at bitforms; source-image and broadcast-media processing becomes prominent | Publication useBreak from endogenous systems to executable collage | Principal sources / notesbitforms exhibition record; artist project history |
| Date2014 | Event / body of workA Mathematical Theory of Communication commissioned/installed at UT Austin; Path software versions revisit 2001 code | Publication useAtomism/public art; migration | Principal sources / notesLandmarks object record; Christiane Paul audio guide; MicroImage history |
| Date2015-2016 | Event / body of workStill Life software developed; debut in There's No Distance at bitforms in 2016 | Publication useAtomism / Still Life | Principal sources / notesAtomism; bitforms exhibition record; Khan review |
| Date2016 | Event / body of workNora N. Khan reviews There's No Distance, describing visual force and criticizing the sound as poorly integrated; early Still Life reception | Publication useCritical pressure, not hagiography | Principal sources / notesVillage Voice, 13 October 2016 |
| Date2018-2023 | Event / body of workCompressed Cinema develops through five still and five audiovisual bodies; early DCGAN and later Progressive Growing of GANs mark different technical textures | Publication useImage, cinema, ML phase | Principal sources / notesartist project history; Diego Gómez-Venegas, laFuga 25 (2021); Holly Willis, Frames Cinema Journal 19 (2022) |
| Date2018 | Event / body of workWhitney presents {Software} Structures in Programmed: Rules, Codes, and Choreographies in Art, 1965-2018 | Publication useInstitutional historicization | Principal sources / notesWhitney Programmed record |
| Date2019 | Event / body of worka2p artist-to-artist exchange precedes Feral File; artist NFT activity begins | Publication useNetworked exchange and ownership | Principal sources / notesFeral File history; artist NFT register |
| Date2020 | Event / body of workFeral File co-founded by Reas and Sean Moss-Pultz / Bitmark context; platform develops from a2p | Publication useInstitution-building and exhibition ecology | Principal sources / notesFeral File history; J. J. Charlesworth, ArtReview, 30 August 2023 |
| Date2021 | Event / body of workArt Blocks releases CENTURY and Phototaxis | Publication useLong-form generative and on-chain phase | Principal sources / notesCENTURY interview; Phototaxis technical note; retained token metadata CENTURY #31 and Phototaxis #308 |
| Date2022 | Event / body of workPre-Process completed and released as every significant 8 × 3 × 5 permutation: 120 works | Publication useProcess archaeology and return | Principal sources / notesProcess history; Art Blocks interview |
| Date2023 | Event / body of workLACMA commissions/presents METAVASARELY and An Empty Room; Art Blocks and Bright Moments present 923 EMPTY ROOMS in Tokyo, Berlin, London, New York, Mexico City, and Los Angeles; bitforms presents It Doesn't Exist (In Any Other Form) | Publication useDistributed exhibition, Atomism/Still Life synthesis | Principal sources / notesLACMA; Bright Moments; bitforms; Atomism |
| Date2024 | Event / body of workLACMA Digital Witness presents Reas; curators publish “Digital art is a kind of performance” interview | Publication useMature self-account of performance, image, and preservation | Principal sources / notesLACMA Unframed, 13 November 2024 |
| Date2024-2025 | Event / body of workThe current artist site indicates further CENTURY, Atomism, and machine-learning development | Publication useContext for later developments in Reas’s practice; exact object titles and dates remain outside this chronology’s verified scope | Principal sources / notesartist current site; CENTURY; Atomism; In Silico |
| Date2025 | Event / body of workDAM Projects presents Purely Platonic; the artist documents In Silico; Toledo Museum of Art publishes Infinite Images: Casey Reas | Publication useRecent work and renewed physical drawing | Principal sources / notesDAM Projects; In Silico; Toledo Museum of Art |
| Date2026 | Event / body of workArt Blocks and Feral File present Ex Nihilo (Cosmos); the platform record describes 256 outputs, with 255 distributed through ranked auction | Publication useLatest Still Life / on-chain work | Principal sources / notesArt Blocks release; Atomism |
| Date2026-08-01 | Event / body of workSeven works delivered to Museum custody and full gift formally accepted | Publication useGift narrative | Principal sources / notesraw receipt; gift authorization |
| Date2026-08-02 | Event / body of workSeven works accessioned as 6529NM. | Publication useGift narrative and collection essay | Principal sources / notesaccession certificate |
7. Practice-phase matrix
| Phase | Central problem | Principal media | Historical relations | Museum holdings relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhaseMicroImage, 2001-2005; revisited 2021 | Central problemHow simple simulated behavior becomes drawing and collective form | Principal mediacustom software, print, interaction, animation | Historical relationsBraitenberg, artificial life, generative drawing | Museum holdings relationPhototaxis #308 is a twenty-year migration and edition state |
| PhaseSoftware Structures / Process, 2004-2014; Pre-Process completed 2022 | Central problemWhere a work resides among instruction, code, interpretation, execution, and image | Principal mediatext, code, software, print, installation, book | Historical relationsLeWitt, Cage/score, conceptual art, software materiality | Museum holdings relationPre-Process #63 exposes the archaeology of the Process grammar |
| PhaseUltraconcentrated / Signal to Noise, from 2012 | Central problemHow existing media images become executable collage and signal debris | Principal mediacaptured broadcast/video, software, projection, print | Historical relationsmontage, found footage, video art, signal/noise | Museum holdings relationNo direct holding; essential bridge omitted by the seven-work group |
| PhaseCENTURY, from 2012; Art Blocks 2021 | Central problemWhat modernist operations become when executable, variable, kinetic, and distributed | Principal mediasoftware, moving image, print/drawing, tokenized edition | Historical relationsKelly, Max Bill, Soto, Rickey, networks, seriality | Museum holdings relationThree contrasting token states enable comparison within one system |
| PhaseAtomism / Still Life, from 2012 / 2015-2016 | Central problemHow pixels, channels, geometry, and images decompose and reform over time | Principal mediasoftware, projection, mural, woodblock, plotter, book, token | Historical relationsPlato/Platonic solids, computer graphics, still-life genre, Shannon | Museum holdings relation923 EMPTY ROOMS #713 and Ex Nihilo #248 represent distinct late branches |
| PhaseCompressed Cinema / ML, 2018-2023 and after | Central problemHow cinema, memory, source images, datasets, and changing models produce new image fields | Principal mediaGANs, video, stills, sound collaboration, books | Historical relationsexperimental film, Brakhage, montage, machine vision | Museum holdings relationNo direct holding; required to prevent a false Process-to-NFT narrative |
| PhaseNetworked institution-building, 2001-present | Central problemHow artists learn, exchange, exhibit, own, and preserve executable work | Principal mediaProcessing, books, foundation, teaching, a2p, Feral File | Historical relationsopen source, pedagogy, artist-run infrastructure | Museum holdings relationContext for Art Blocks/Feral File works; not itself an accessioned artwork |
8. Source authority matrix
8.1 Artist-controlled primary sources
| Source | URL | Strongest uses | Limits / caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceArtist information archive | URLhttps: | Strongest usesBirth, education, career, media, exhibitions, collections | Limits / cautionArtist-authored CV; not independent reception |
| SourceCurrent artist site | URLhttps: | Strongest usesCurrent taxonomy and recent practice through 2026 | Limits / cautionRetrospective editorial framing; individual claims need project pages |
| SourceBooks | URLhttps: | Strongest usesPublication chronology and distinction between educational and artist books | Limits / cautionDescriptive, not critical reception |
| SourceProcess | URLhttps: | Strongest usesSoftware Structures genealogy, Process, Compendium, Pre-Process, chronology and system | Limits / cautionCurrent synthesis; pair with Whitney and contemporary interviews |
| SourceMicroImage | URLhttps: | Strongest usesPath/Tissue/MicroImage/Phototaxis lineage; Braitenberg; material/display history | Limits / cautionCurrent synthesis; pair with archive and 2021 note |
| SourceCENTURY | URLhttps: | Strongest usesWider body, modernist relations, Networks, recent extensions | Limits / cautionCurrent synthesis; distinguish wider body from 2021 Art Blocks project |
| SourceAtomism | URLhttps: | Strongest usesStill Life, An Empty Room, 923, material translations, recent work | Limits / cautionCurrent synthesis; exact dates/titles should be corroborated |
| SourceCompressed Cinema | URLhttps: | Strongest usesFilm sources, GAN generations, audiovisual works, technical timeline | Limits / cautionArtist framing; criticism needed |
| SourceIn Silico | URLhttps: | Strongest usesBotanical source material, ML process, photography/film relations | Limits / cautionRecent artist framing |
| SourceNFT register | URLhttps: | Strongest usesArtist's project/date/platform list | Limits / cautionConflicts with Art Blocks on Phototaxis date; preserve conflict |
| SourcePhototaxis technical note | URLhttps: | Strongest usesCode lineage, machine types, 1,000-iteration boundary, controls | Limits / cautionFirst-person technical account; not independent behavior test |
| SourceGray Phototaxis record | URLhttps: | Strongest usesArtist description and controls | Limits / cautionConcise record |
| SourceGray CENTURY record | URLhttps: | Strongest uses2021 project conception, Kelly reference, token-hash relation | Limits / cautionProject-level, not token-specific observation |
| SourceGray Pre-Process record | URLhttps: | Strongest usesMedium, date, origin, display orientation | Limits / cautionPair with Process page and Art Blocks interview |
8.2 Institutional, publisher, and platform primary sources
| Source | URL | Strongest uses | Limits / caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceUCLA faculty profile | URLhttps: | Strongest usesDegrees, UCLA since 2003, Processing/Foundation, Feral File, Social Software | Limits / cautionEmployer biography |
| SourceWhitney artport archive | URLhttps: | Strongest usesOriginal Software Structures project, text, implementers, languages, material comparison | Limits / cautionHistorical web archive; preservation context belongs with later Whitney record |
| SourceWhitney Programmed page | URLhttps: | Strongest usesInstitutional historicization and restored works | Limits / cautionExhibition framing |
| SourceWhitney media/interview | URLhttps: | Strongest usesReas on LeWitt, system visibility, and process | Limits / cautionShort institutional interview |
| SourceLACMA performance interview | URLhttps: | Strongest usesArtist's mature account of digital art as durational, nonlinear performance | Limits / cautionFirst-person interview mediated by curators |
| SourceLACMA METAVASARELY / An Empty Room | URLhttps: | Strongest usesVasarely commission history and artist response | Limits / cautionDoes not make 923 #713 a LACMA commission |
| SourceLACMA project record | URLhttps: | Strongest usesCommissioning and exhibition identity | Limits / cautionPage-language path may change; retain direct record |
| SourceSFMOMA artist record | URLhttps: | Strongest usesCollection presence | Limits / cautionNot a career assessment |
| SourceCentre Pompidou artist record | URLhttps: | Strongest usesCollection records for Process works | Limits / cautionNot a project monograph |
| SourceProcessing overview | URLhttps: | Strongest usesTool history, purpose, and ecosystem | Limits / cautionInstitution self-description |
| SourceReas/Fry 2006 article | URLDOI 10. | Strongest usesSoftware literacy and media-arts rationale | Limits / cautionCo-authored primary scholarship |
| SourceRhizome Processing interview | URLhttps: | Strongest usesEcosystem, pedagogy, open source, tool history | Limits / cautionInterview, not studio-practice criticism |
| SourceFeral File history | URLhttps: | Strongest usesa2p origin and 2020 co-founding | Limits / cautionPlatform self-history |
| SourceArt Blocks CENTURY interview | URLhttps: | Strongest usesKelly/Rickey, slicing, motion, controls, parameters, studio/Processing links | Limits / cautionPlatform interview; pair with works and artist site |
| SourceArt Blocks Pre-Process interview | URLhttps: | Strongest uses2003/2005/2022 history, 100 elements, every significant 8 × 3 × 5 permutation, “Rosetta Stone” framing | Limits / cautionPlatform interview |
| SourceBright Moments 923 archive | URLhttps: | Strongest usesSix cities, six colorforms, schedule, 923/924 language | Limits / cautionPresenter record; exact token table comes from retained data |
| SourceRetained Art Blocks metadata | URL01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07 | Strongest usesContract/project/token identity, release, feature fields, artist statement, generator and image routes | Limits / cautionPlatform observation retained as exact bytes; chain title and independent criticism remain separate |
| SourceArt Blocks Ex Nihilo release | URLhttps: | Strongest uses256 works, Still Life context, controls, co-presentation, 2026 distribution | Limits / cautionSale mechanics are provenance context, not artistic importance |
| Sourcebitforms Still Life exhibition | URLhttps: | Strongest uses2023-24 exhibition, Still Life chronology, media and checklist | Limits / cautionGallery source; pair with criticism and artist history |
| SourceDAM Purely Platonic | URLhttps: | Strongest uses2025 exhibition and physical drawing context | Limits / cautionGallery source |
| SourceToledo Infinite Images | URLhttps: | Strongest usesMuseum-led recent artist context | Limits / cautionVerify exact sections when citing |
| SourceToledo, “Towards Ekphrastic Writing for Digital Arts” | URLhttps: | Strongest usesIndependent technical close reading of CENTURY as computation materially realized in browser, memory, rasterization, and display | Limits / cautionDiscusses CENTURY #554, not a Museum-owned token; use at project level |
| SourceAIGA Eye on Design oral history | URLhttps: | Strongest usesIndependent account of Processing's design lineage and field-shaping role | Limits / cautionOral history; separate reported history from critical judgment |
| SourceMoMA record for Ben Fry's Distellamap | URLhttps: | Strongest usesInstitutional reception of Processing as both accessible to nonprogrammers and capable of advanced design work | Limits / cautionEvidence of Processing's reception and use, not a Reas studio-work assessment |
| SourceArs Electronica 2005 award record | URLhttps: | Strongest usesContemporary recognition of Processing's significance for artistic production | Limits / cautionAward record; does not replace analysis of community and pedagogy |
8.3 Serious scholarship and criticism
| Source | Use in the publications | Editorial note |
|---|---|---|
SourceNora N. Khan, “Casey Reas's Disconcerting Software Paintings,” Village Voice, 13 October 2016, https: | Use in the publicationsClose description and a counterweight to celebratory claims about immersion; notes discomfort, exhaustion, illegibility, and unsuccessful sound integration | Editorial noteParaphrase; do not generalize one exhibition response into a total judgment |
| SourceMeredith Hoy, “Painting as Programming: Casey Reas and the Aesthetics of Generative Code,” ISEA 2011, record and full paper | Use in the publicationsReas's software painting, discreteness, continuous visual field, and information aesthetics | Editorial noteIndependent scholarly argument; exact pages are available in the linked paper |
| SourceChristiane Paul, Digital Art, 3rd ed. | Use in the publicationsHistorical framing for software, systems, participation, and digital materiality | Editorial noteSecondary survey; use to contextualize, not establish Reas facts |
| SourceChristiane Paul, Whitney Programmed artist record | Use in the publicationsRule-based art genealogy and institutional framing | Editorial noteInstitutional exhibition interpretation |
| SourceChristiane Paul, Landmarks audio guide for A Mathematical Theory of Communication | Use in the publicationsAtomism, Shannon, public mural, information/image relation | Editorial noteInstitutionally commissioned interpretation |
| SourceMitchell Whitelaw, Metacreation: Art and Artificial Life | Use in the publicationsArtificial-life art and emergence context for MicroImage | Editorial noteHistorical/theoretical context, not Reas-specific unless cited |
| SourceJack Burnham, “Systems Esthetics,” Artforum (1968) | Use in the publicationsSystems as relations and process; historical genealogy | Editorial noteDo not imply direct influence without artist/source support |
| SourceSol LeWitt, “Sentences on Conceptual Art” and wall-drawing instructions | Use in the publicationsInstruction, realization, authorship | Editorial noteReas explicitly documents relation in Software Structures |
| SourceValentino Braitenberg, Vehicles (1984) | Use in the publicationsSynthetic psychology and machine-behavior source | Editorial noteDirectly documented by Reas |
| SourceGene Youngblood, Expanded Cinema (1970) | Use in the publicationsMoving-image systems context for Compressed Cinema | Editorial noteContextual, not necessarily direct influence |
SourceDiego Gómez-Venegas, “Redes vivas: trans-corporalidad y tecno-individuación,” laFuga 25 (2021), https: | Use in the publicationsReads Compressed Cinema through Stiegler's arche-cinema and machine/human forms of retention | Editorial noteIndependent Spanish-language criticism; paraphrase precisely |
SourceHolly Willis, “Images Big and Soft: The Digital Archive Rendered Cinematic,” Frames Cinema Journal 19 (2022), https: | Use in the publicationsSituates Reas's film-trained GAN work within changes to cinema and the archive | Editorial noteIndependent scholarly context; its Reas discussion is concise |
SourceJ. J. Charlesworth, “Casey Reas and Art After the Crypto Crash,” ArtReview, 30 August 2023, https: | Use in the publicationsIndependent assessment of Feral File and the institutional/economic problem of NFT exhibition | Editorial noteFeature/interview; distinguish Charlesworth's framing from Reas's statements |
SourceToledo Museum of Art, “Towards Ekphrastic Writing for Digital Arts,” https: | Use in the publicationsIndependent close reading of CENTURY's browser-level materiality | Editorial noteProject-level reception based on CENTURY #554, not one of the three Museum works |
| SourceNora N. Khan introduction to Reas, Making Pictures with Generative Adversarial Networks | Use in the publicationsML practice, image systems, critical language | Editorial noteBibliographic source only in this release; no unverified page-specific claim is made |
| SourceReas and Allison Parrish, Compressed Cinema (Anteism, 2023) | Use in the publicationsArtist book and project-scale source | Editorial notePrimary collaborative publication |
| SourceReas, Process Compendium 2004-2010 | Use in the publicationsPrimary visual/text archive of Process | Editorial noteBibliographic source only in this release; no unverified page-specific claim is made |
9. Conflicts, naming problems, and distinctions to preserve
9.1 Phototaxis date
Art Blocks and the 2021 artist technical note support a 2021 release. The current artist NFT register lists 2022. Use “developed/released for Art Blocks in 2021” where discussing documented activity, and note the current artist-register discrepancy. Do not silently normalize all dates to 2022.
9.2 923 versus 924
The retained project population contains 924 invocations numbered 0-923. Invocation 0 is separately coded 999999; invocations 1-923 form the documented combinatorial sequence. The project title and artistic combinatorics refer to 923 rooms; the release population is 924. State both at the appropriate level. Do not invent an artistic theory for invocation 0.
9.3 Still Life dates
The current artist Atomism page describes Still Life software as 2015-2023; the 2016 bitforms exhibition anchors the public debut of the early works. Write “developed from 2015 and publicly presented in 2016” unless a more exact object history is established.
9.4 There's No Distance
The title names both the 2016 bitforms exhibition and a 2023 black-and-white long-form work extending Still Life. Always specify exhibition or project and date. Do not collapse them.
9.5 CENTURY dates
The wider CENTURY body begins in 2012. The donated tokens belong to the 2021 Art Blocks project. Use both dates and state what each one dates.
9.6 Pre-Process dates
The system originates in 2003, appeared in unresolved form in 2005, and was completed/released as a 120-work Art Blocks project in 2022. Do not date the tokenized work simply “2003,” and do not erase its archaeology by calling it only a 2022 project.
9.7 Artist name typography
Machine records use Casey REAS. The artist's current site often uses REAS. Normal editorial prose may use Casey Reas. Preserve exact capitalization in formal record quotations and titles.
9.8 Feral File founding
Use the institution's own account: Feral File grew from the 2019 a2p exchange and was co-founded in 2020 by Casey Reas and Sean Moss-Pultz in the Bitmark context. Avoid flattening organization/company/person roles if a sentence requires legal precision.
9.9 Token, artwork, image, code
- The token records chain identity, edition, and transfer history; title, copyright, accession, and interpretation are recorded separately.
- The script and token hash are constitutive inputs for these Art Blocks works.
- The generator executes the work in a browser/runtime environment.
- The static PNG is a project-authorized or platform-generated documentation state, not the whole live work.
- A Museum screenshot or video is documentation unless an artist-approved manifestation says otherwise.
9.10 923 EMPTY ROOMS city and colorform schedule
The controlling presenter record is Bright Moments, “923 EMPTY ROOMS”. Use this exact six-city schedule and mapping:
| Sequence | City | Named colorform |
|---|---|---|
| Sequence1 | CityTokyo | Named colorformSun |
| Sequence2 | CityBerlin | Named colorformShard |
| Sequence3 | CityLondon | Named colorformCargo |
| Sequence4 | CityNew York | Named colorformHive |
| Sequence5 | CityMexico City / CDMX | Named colorformPyramid |
| Sequence6 | CityLos Angeles | Named colorformMoon |
Buenos Aires is not one of the six project cities. The donated #713 is associated with Mexico City / CDMX; its code 555536 contains four Pyramids, one Cargo, and one Moon.
10. Critical argument bank
These are propositions to test, not conclusions to repeat automatically.
- Reas's enduring subject is the interval between instruction and event.
- The visible image is often a history of relations rather than a picture of an object.
- His authorship lies in constructing possibility spaces and exclusions, not withdrawing from decision.
- Physical prints and drawings do not merely reproduce software; they disclose resolution, density, duration, and material trace differently.
- Processing and Feral File matter because they extend studio values—legibility, iteration, access, peer exchange—into shared infrastructures, but they are not interchangeable with the artworks.
- The move into blockchain is continuous with earlier questions but materially changes edition, instantiation, distribution, ownership, and public comparison.
- Transparency of rule can coexist with perceptual opacity; viewers may know the system and still confront fatigue or illegibility.
- Reas's work has repeatedly moved between endogenous systems and source-image systems: artificial agents and Process on one side; broadcast, cinema, photography, and ML datasets on the other.
- The seven-work Museum group is strongest as a longitudinal argument built from recent tokens that reach backward into older systems, not as a survey of all media.
- The gift's institutional significance lies in transferring a coherent study group into public trust and accepting its preservation obligations, not in market status.
11. Required omissions to acknowledge in the monograph and collection essay
The Museum group contains:
- three works from the 2021 Art Blocks CENTURY project;
- one Pre-Process;
- one Phototaxis;
- one 923 EMPTY ROOMS;
- one Ex Nihilo (Cosmos).
It does not contain:
- an early Path, Tissue, or MicroImage print/software installation;
- a Software Structures implementation;
- a Process text, print, software work, or installation;
- a Processing archive or edition;
- an Ultraconcentrated / Signal to Noise work;
- an A Mathematical Theory of Communication work;
- a Compressed Cinema still or video;
- an In Silico work;
- a physical print, plotter drawing, woodblock, book, sculpture, or installation component;
- a representative work from every major body.
These absences are future collecting opportunities and interpretive limits. They do not invalidate the accession.